I’m not famous or successful, so why should you care what I think? Well, I have some observations about the dynamics of writing on the internet that I think my even more non-famous and non-successful self would have benefited from.

Human experience is vast

The idea of writing is crazy: You have some pattern in your brain-meat, which you try to encode into a linear series of words. Then someone else reads those words and tries to reconstruct the pattern in their brain-meat. In this dance, how much work is being done by the words versus the lifetime of associations each person has built up around them?

Rather than a full blueprint for an idea, writing is often more like saying “Hey look at concept #23827! Now look at concept #821! Now look at concept #112234! Are your neurons tingling in the way mine are? I hope so because there’s no way to check, bye!”

We have different personalities and spend our lives doing different things and getting exposed to different information. What concept #821 triggers for you may be vastly different from what it triggers for me.

I suspect that even when writing works, readers often take quite a “different trip” than the writer intended. Personally, I figure that’s fine. It’s better to just let people take their own trip, rather than going to insane lengths in a hopeless quest to make everything precise.

So: No matter what you do, sometimes your writing will fail. It’s impossible to predict all the ways it will fail. Really, it’s amazing that it works at all.

Failures can seem baffling

Here are two examples of how things I’ve written have failed:

1. I wrote an article suggesting ultrasonic humidifiers might put particulates into the air and harm health. The median response was something like:

   Please stop polluting the internet with speculation. If you can’t support your argument with peer-reviewed research papers you shouldn’t write it at all.

   This was… puzzling, because I had dozens of citations starting very early in the article. But many people in different forums independently said things like this.

2. I wrote an article about gas stoves and nitrogen dioxide where I stated in the overview that a typical range hood might fix things. A top comment was that a high-quality hood would obviously solve the problem and the fact that I claimed wouldn’t showed I was biased and bad (so bad).

   That’s fair, although right after the overview there was a link to the “Can a range hood fix this?” section where I discuss an paper that tested hoods in various houses and found that some worked well but most of them reduced nitrogen dioxide by 30% or less and wait did I say that was fair?

Holster your tiny violin, I know this is all normal. Many people get fed up with stuff like this and resolve to ignore all comments. That’s not my position. My position is that I failed and when I fail I’d like to know about it.

But why does this happen?

It’s not about you

Why do people go to forums? Partly for links, yes, but also because they like the community. When an article on an interesting topic comes up, some people decide they’d rather see what people they trust think before reading the article. And once they’re there, maybe they see a comment they want to respond to.

I don’t have any statistics, but I’d guess that only a small fraction of people finish most articles before commenting, and many don’t even look at the article. This is not necessarily bad! Sometimes the discussion detaches and goes into all sorts of interesting and unexpected directions.

Sometimes this can be funny, too. Once I wrote about a study by Pierson et al. (2020) who investigated how the racial mix of drivers stopped by police changes at different times of the year. The first comment was, “This is all wrong. There’s a study by Pierson et al. (2020) who investigated…”

Engagement has a sample bias

The first few times I saw my posts discussed, I was shaken by the amount of negativity. This bothered me until I tried going to posts from others that I thought were great and reading the comments as if I were the author. Sometimes, umm, the comments were all glowing. But other times—with no clear pattern—most dismissed the article as pointless/obvious/wrong/bad. After this, negativity still bothered me but I had a new variant of the old “Einstein was bad at math, I’m bad at math” fallacy to distract me.

Here’s something I’ve noticed about myself: If I read something great, I’ll sometimes write a short comment like “This was amazing, you’re the best!” Then I’ll stare at it for 10 seconds and decide that posting it would be lame and humiliating, so I delete it and go about my day. But on the rare occasions that I read something that triggers me, I get a strong feeling that I have important insights that must be shared. Assuming that I’m not uniquely broken in this way, it explains a lot.

Listening to criticism is a superpower

Do you have a friend who works in user-facing software? Sometime after a few drinks, ask about the first time they saw one of their creations being tested on real people. Observe how somber their face becomes as they struggle to express their feelings of frustration and impotence. The things we build are no match for the might of human ingenuity to do everything wrong in unexpected ways.

It’s odd there isn’t a stronger tradition of “user testing” for writing. Occasionally I’ll give a friend something I’ve written and implore them, “Please circle anything that makes you feel even slightly unhappy for any reason whatsoever.” Then I’ll ask them what they were thinking at each point. There are always “bugs” everywhere: Belaboring of obvious points, ambiguous phrases, unnecessary antagonistic language, tangential arguments about controversial things that don’t matter, etc.

Fixing these is great but your friends (I hope) don’t want to hurt your feelings. It’s almost impossible to get them to say things like, “your jokes aren’t funny” or “you should delete section 3 because it’s horrendous and unsalvageable”.

Comments on the internet are the opposite. A downside is that you have much longer feedback loops, which makes it hard to figure out cause and effect. But you get feedback at a much higher scale and people are substantially less worried about offending you.

Take the humidifiers example above. Technically, the complaints were all wrong. How could I “fix” the problem of not citing any papers when I had already cited dozens? That’s what I thought for months, during which people continued to read the post and have the same damned reaction. Eventually, I had to admit that even if they were “wrong”, something about my post was causing them to be wrong. Viewed that way, the problem was obvious: The idea that a humidifier could be bad for you is weird and disturbing, and weird and disturbing things are usually untrue so people are skeptical and tend to find ways to dismiss them.

Should they do that?

[Long polemic on Bayesian rationality redacted.]

It’s debatable, but it’s a fact that they do it. So I rewrote my post to be “gentle”.

Previously my approach was to sort of tackle the reader and scream “HUMIDIFIERS → PARTICLES! [citation] [citation] [citation] [citation]” and “PARTICLES → DEATH! [citation] [citation] [citation]”. I changed it to start by conceding that ultrasonic humidifiers don’t always make particles and it’s not certain those particular particles cause harm, et cetera, but PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH PAPERS say these things are possible, so it’s worth thinking about.

After those changes, no one had the same reaction anymore.

Part of me feels like this is wrong, that it’s disingenuous to tune writing to make people react the way you want them to react. After all, I could be wrong, in which case it’s better if my wrongness is more obvious.

Maybe there’s a slippery slope here, but I think most people are very far from sliding down the hill. The goal of writing is to communicate, and it’s silly to ignore the effects it has on the actual people who read it.

So my advice is: When you see criticism, you need to guess if people even looked at what you wrote. If they did, some negative reactions are inevitable. But if you repeatedly hear the same complaint, you should have a strong presumption that there is a problem, though it might be very different from the problem people state.

You can’t beat a large group

If comments are often bad, does that mean you shouldn’t read them? If you’re very fragile, maybe. But you’ll be missing out. For one thing, you can often try to trace back the causal chain and fix problems like above.

A bigger reason is just that sometimes comments are great. Here’s a comment from __blockcipher__ on a post about methamphetamines:

There’s a common myth among tweakers about “n-iso”, which is structurally very similar to methamphetamine - similar enough that it will join the crystal lattice - but it is at best inert, but might actually cause undesirable side effects. The fact that n-iso exists is real, but if you look online you’ll see tons of tweakers convinced that they’ve been smoking n-iso and that it’s why they smoke meth and just get a headache and other bad physical side effects but don’t get the stimulation or the pleasurable rush. What’s actually happening is that they’ve spiked their tolerance so high that they’re getting almost exclusively the bad effects. It’s analogous to how if someone takes MDMA for 4 days straight, by the end of it they’re not going to “roll” at all because they’ve acutely downregulated their serotonin (and dopamine) receptors, and furthermore that they’ve literally (almost) exhausted their current pool of neurotransmitters, which need to be re-synthesized by the body.

Or here’s a comment from svat on a post about the proper usage of analogies:

In Indian/Sanskrit literary theory (poetics), in the discussion of figures of speech (rhetoric, etc), similes are called upamā (“her face is like the moon”, etc). The discussion of it in the literature is extensive and would fill several volumes (and I hardly know anything), but one thing recognized early is that in a simile/analogy, there needs to be a sādharaṇa-dharma, a shared property: the point is that there’s something in common (“her face is beautiful, like the moon”) while of course there is going to be a lot that is not (the intended meaning is not “like the moon, her face is pockmarked, full of craters”, etc). In any given instance, this intended shared property may either be stated explicitly, in which case the simile is called “complete”, or left implicit, in which case it’s called “partial”. Both can be highly effective.

Or here’s a comment from Nameless1995 on a post about if selfhood is real:

I think we often tend to conflate our lived experience of unity with the notion that the whole body has some centralized unitary consciousness. The lived experience is a momentary duration, and it doesn’t appear to me as a centralized and exclusive instance of consciousness — there could be multiple others (in the same body) that are inaccessible to “this” consciousness. Considered as such, mental disorders, DIDs, and split brains are not violations of unity of an instance of consciousness, but would be a result of “de-harmonization” of different instances of consciousness (due to information blockage and other reasons).

The idea of sitting down and finding the One Eternal Truth about anything is a fantasy. The universe has fractal levels of detail in every direction. There are a lot of ridiculously smart and well-informed people out there, and some of them will have deeper knowledge and insight about basically every facet of every thought you ever have. If you can motivate the collective hivemind to pay attention to something you care about, you’re crazy not to listen.

Oddly, it seems to me that discussions that detach from the original article are on average better. If that doesn’t happen, it’s often because people got stuck arguing about minutia. This also happens for detached discussions of course, but they seem to have a better chance of reaching interesting places.

Aside: Techno-optimism is unfashionable at the moment, but I suspect we still haven’t come close to realizing the potential of even the internet technology of the 1990s. When thousands of people converge on a topic, the collective knowledge far exceeds any one person, but our current interaction models don’t do a great job of synthesizing it. It’s a difficult problem, but it’s hard to imagine that in a hundred years we won’t have more effective ways to interact.

People who want to be pleasant will clearly signal that intention

Sometimes I read a comment and I get a weird feeling. But then I tell myself, “They weren’t rude. They are making a sincere comment, and people shouldn’t have to humble themselves and stroke my fragile ego.” So I’ll try to respond.

As far as I can recall, this has never worked. Once after I wrote about the Monty Hall problem, someone curtly stated that I clearly didn’t understand it because I didn’t mention that Monty must choose a non-car door randomly. I replied with an argument that if, say, Monty always chose the leftmost non-car door, you still got the car 2/3 of the time by switching. They responded that clearly I didn’t even try to read their comment, I’m just like everyone else who doesn’t get it, plus a lot of math that I found incoherent. I wondered—Am I stupid? Was I missing something? So I wrote 25 lines of Python code to simulate it and verified that this didn’t change the probabilities. After I posted that code, my correspondent thanked me for the correction changed nothing, acknowledged nothing, and stopped responding.

There have been many instances where someone wrote to me to say I was wrong, we had a productive back and forth, and they convinced me I was indeed partly or entirely wrong. But in every case, their first message looked like this:

Hello friend, I enormously enjoyed your recent fevered rant on [topic]. However, if I may be so bold I wish to point out errors in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 17, 20, and 21. [errors] These issues render your conclusion not just wrong but incoherent and arguably unlawful. Still, you’ve done a great service by writing it and creating a stimulating discussion. Generations to come will admire you! Yours sincerely, Internet Person.

I exaggerate, but it was always overwhelmingly obvious from first contact that they were going to be nice. And people who seemed nice always were nice.

The tricky situation is cases where someone is mildly (or un-mildly) rude but also makes an intriguing point. After many failures, my policy is now to take their comments into account as much as I can and maybe reply with “thanks for your input”, but not to engage or ask follow-up questions.

I’m not sure why things are like this or if this pattern generalizes to other people. But I think everyone needs to build some pattern recognition and figure out a policy for when they want to engage.

Pareto optimality and quantity vs. quality.

There’s an argument that most writing has no value: Every hour, more text is produced than you could read in a lifetime. If you can write the best piece on a given topic, great, but otherwise we don’t need more content. And don’t kid yourself—to write the best piece, you’d need to pick a single topic, become a world expert, and spend months polishing the writing. Most writing is just people yelling over each other.

The standard response is to gesture towards Pareto optimality: There’s no “best” article on a given topic because there are many dimensions of quality, which people prioritize in their own ways. Unless another article is better than yours in every dimension simultaneously, you have the potential to be the best article for someone.

That’s a nice thought. But surely it’s significant that we have no mechanism for that person to actually find the article that’s optimal for them? (Or maybe Google is really onto something and what we all really want is pages of SEO-optimized autogenerated gibberish.) To contribute value in practice, an article needs to be better than everything else for a decently large slice of the population.

That counter-counter-argument seems strong. Yet, I follow a lot of people who write about lots of different topics and it feels like I get value from this. Am I delusional? After all, even if I get value, there could be something else out there that would have been even better.

Still, I can’t shake the feeling that the people I follow truly are brightening my life on net. I have several hypotheses for why:

First, there are a lot of topics, and it’s not that hard to be the best. Often this is achieved by being the only article on a topic.

Second, it’s easier to understand writing by people you’re familiar with. They can get to it without wasting time establishing context.

Third, writers have qualities that are fairly consistent across articles. If I’m familiar with the concepts someone uses and I get their sense of humor and like the way they choose examples, then lots of the stuff they write can immediately become the best article on a topic for me.

Fourth, the distribution problem works both ways. Take a model of the internet as millions of people screaming into the night, with readers just bumping into them at random. In this model, you only need to be above average to contribute value. Similarly, because distribution is so poor, writers help with “unknown unknowns”. I had no idea I wanted to learn about Ryszard Kapuscinski before Matt Lakeman wrote about him.

So here’s a thought experiment: What would things be like if a computer could plug into your brain and automatically give you whatever content is closest to your needs? On the margin, there would be less need to “follow” people, and more opportunity for “weirdness”. But it’s unclear what effect this would have on the reach of domain experts versus generalists. I think that comes down to how much we value information versus other qualities like shared context, readability, familiarity, and aesthetics.